Tissue heterogeneity of mitochondrial activity, biogenesis and mitochondrial protein gene expression in buffalo.

BACKGROUND: Cellular metabolism is most invariant process, occurring in all living organisms, which involves mitochondrial proteins from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, protein-coding genes (mtPCGs) expression, and activity vary between various tissues to fulfill specific energy demands across the tissues. METHODS AND RESULTS: In present study, we investigated the OXPHOS complexes and citrate synthase activity in isolated mitochondria from various tissues of freshly slaughtered buffaloes (n = 3). Further, the evaluation of tissue-specific diversity based on the quantification of mtDNA copy numbers was performed and also comprised an expression study of 13 mtPCGs. We found that the functional activity of individual OXPHOS complex I was significantly higher in the liver compared to muscle and brain. Additionally, OXPHOS complex III and V activities was observed significantly higher levels in liver compared to heart, ovary, and brain. Similarly, CS-specific activity differs between tissues, with the ovary, kidney, and liver having significantly greater. Furthermore, we revealed the mtDNA copy number was strictly tissue-specific, with muscle and brain tissues exhibiting the highest levels. Among 13 PCGs expression analyses, mRNA abundances in all genes were differentially expressed among the different tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results indicate the existence of a tissue-specific variation in mitochondrial activity, bioenergetics, and mtPCGs expression among various types of buffalo tissues. This study serves as a critical first stage in gathering vital comparable data about the physiological function of mitochondria in energy metabolism in distinct tissues, laying the groundwork for future mitochondrial based diagnosis and research.

Differentiation of HSA and BSA and Instantaneous Detection of HSO3 - Using Confined Space of Serum Albumins and Live Cell Imaging of Exogenous/Endogenous HSO3.

The limitations of prevailing probes for the detection of human serum albumin (HSA) and HSO3 - make it challenging to apprehend the cooperative effect of both HSA and HSO3 - in biological systems. Herein, we present a multi-responsive fluorescent probe MGTP, which distinguishes HSA from bovine serum albumin (BSA) through an ∼104-fold fluorescence enhancement at an emission maximum of 595 nm with HSA and only an ∼10-fold increase at an emission maximum of 615 nm with a shoulder at 680 nm with BSA. The absorbance spectrum of MGTP also discriminates HSA and BSA with the respective absorption maxima at 543 nm and at 580 nm. MGTP in the confined space of HSA or BSA undergoes instantaneous conjugate addition of HSO3 - and results in a ratiometric change in fluorescence intensity with diminishing of red fluorescence (600 nm) and emergence of green fluorescence (515 nm). MGTP in the absence of SAs does not react with HSO3 - in phosphate-buffered saline buffer and reacts sluggishly in the dimethyl sulfoxide-water 1:1 mixture. The limit of detection values for the detection of HSA and HSO3 - are 4 and 6.88 nM, respectively. The drug binding studies reveal that MGTP preferably confines itself at the bilirubin site of HSA. In MCF-7 cancer cells, MGTP is localized into mitochondria and reveals both exogenous and endogenous visualization of HSO3 - through a change in fluorescence from the red to green channel.

Automated latent fingerprint identification system: A review.

Latent fingerprints are considered as one of the important evidences obtained from the site of crime. The process of developing, acquiring, processing and matching of latent fingerprints is different from the inked or live-scan fingerprints. Automated identification of latent fingerprints is still in its nascent phase when compared with the Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) used by the police department. This paper provides an extensive review of the work done by eminent researchers in the development of an automated latent fingerprint identification system.

Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Three Different Acrylic Resin and Artificial Denture Teeth with and without Monomer Application.

AIM: To compare and evaluate the shear bond strength of the tooth-denture base junction when three different commercially available acrylic resin base bonded to acrylic teeth with and without application of methyl methacrylate monomer on ridge lap area. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A three-stepped cylindrical shaped die was customized. Sixty samples were fabricated with heat cure and self-cure acrylic resin with and without monomer application. A total of 60 samples were divided into three groups and six subgroups. • Group A-Twenty samples of Trevlon-HI heat-activated acrylic resin. • Subgroup A1-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon-HI heat-activated acrylic resin with the application of monomer on ridge lap area. • Subgroup A2-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon-HI heat-activated acrylic resin without application of monomer on ridge lap area. • Group B-Twenty samples of Trevalon heat-activated acrylic resin. • Subgroup B1-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon heat-activated acrylic resin with the application of monomer on ridge lap area. • Subgroup B2-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon heat-activated acrylic resin without application of monomer on ridge lap area. • Group C-Twenty samples of Trevlon-RR self-activated acrylic resin. • Subgroup C1-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon-RR self-activated acrylic resin with the application of monomer on ridge lap area. • Subgroup C2-Ten samples of acrylic teeth bonded with Trevlon-RR self-activated acrylic resin without monomer application on ridge lap area. RESULTS: Samples obtained from high impact heat cure acrylic resin with monomer application shows higher bond strength when tested under the universal testing machine. CONCLUSION: With and without monomer application on high impact polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin and Heat cured resin it was found that high impact shows better bond strength. Trevlon HI monomer shows a greater increase in strength due to the presence of cross-linking agents. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The incorporation of mechanical surface treatments followed by monomer application significantly influences the bonding between denture teeth and denture base resin.

Crestal Bone Changes around immediately loaded Single-piece Implants using Flap and Flapless Technique: A Radiographic Study.

AIM: With the trend shifting toward the minimally invasive surgeries in implant surgery, the flapless technique of implant placement is gaining popularity among the implantologists. This study was done to assess the crestal bone loss level in flap and flapless surgery at follow-up periods of 0, 1, and 3 months. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients presenting with missing teeth requiring dental implants for rehabilitation were included in the study. Implant placement was done in 10 patients with traditional flap technique, while in other 10 patients, flapless technique was performed after determining the availability of sufficient bone width with ridge mapping. Radiographical follow-up was done for 3 months at 0-, 1-, and 3-month intervals. RESULTS: It was observed that for most of the flapless cases, the bone loss settled at 1st thread or just below the implant collar after 3 months. CONCLUSION: It was seen that crestal bone height was reduced in both flap and flapless techniques. On comparing the bone loss, the flapless approach showed statistically significant lesser reduction as determined by radiovisiography. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The study has been done to evaluate crestal bone level using flap and flapless technique. It was seen that reduction of crestal bone height was seen in both flapless and with flap techniques. However, on comparison, less bone resorption was observed in flapless technique.

Exploring the missing link - Empathy among dental students: An institutional cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Empathy plays an important role in healthy dentist and patient relationship. Hence, the aim of the study is to (a) to measure the self-reported empathy levels among dental undergraduate and postgraduate students. (b) To review the trend of changes in empathy level with experience, age, and gender among dental undergraduate and postgraduate students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was carried out in two private dental institutions situated in Sri Ganganagar, India, with a sample size of 978. Data were obtained from the 1st to final year (BDS), interns, and postgraduate students from January to March 2015. An empathy level of students was assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy - Health Profession Students Version Questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis using Kaiser's criteria was undertaken to appraise the construct validity and dimensionality. Based on the results of the factor analysis, three factors were selected; labeled as perspective taking, compassionate care, and standing in patient's shoes. RESULTS: The majority of the students was female in a equivalent  ratio of 1338:618. There were significant differences in empathy scores by gender and age (P < 0.01). The lowest and highest mean empathy scores were found in postgraduate (mean = 108.77, standard deviation [SD] =9.12) and 1st year (mean = 117.23, SD = 14.19) dental students, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dental educators should consider the likely decline in empathy among students as early as possible and adopt communication teaching strategies to promote the development of empathy and reduce the risk of further decline.